Mesothelioma Diagnosis
After analyzing patient symptoms and medical history, doctors will use imaging scans, blood tests, biomarkers and biopsies to diagnose mesothelioma. Due to the cancer’s aggressive nature, early detection and avoiding misdiagnosis are key to ensuring the best prognosis for the patient.
Imaging scans are used to identify tumors and potential metastasis, while blood tests look for biomarkers that could suggest the presence of mesothelioma or reveal a history of asbestos exposure. However, biopsies are the only definitive method to diagnose mesothelioma.
How Is Mesothelioma Diagnosed?
When a patient presents symptoms of mesothelioma, doctors will conduct a physical exam, look at a patient’s medical history and begin to rule out more common diseases and conditions. Physicians will then order a series of tests and procedures to identify the cause of symptoms.
Mesothelioma Imaging Scans
Imaging tests help identify tumors, tumor location and metastasis of cancer during the diagnostic process. The most common scans used for diagnosing mesothelioma include X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, PET scans and ultrasounds.
- X-rays: X-rays provide 2D images of bones and soft tissues to identify abnormalities and help rule out other conditions. Chest X-rays or abdominal X-rays are the most common for mesothelioma, and often reveal symptoms like pleural effusion (fluid buildup around the lungs).
- CT scans: CT (computed tomography) scans provide 3D visuals of the body, distinguishing between healthy and cancerous tissues. These are used to diagnose malignant pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, but rarely pericardial mesothelioma due to radiation risks around the heart.
- MRI scans: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans provide 3D, detailed images of bones and soft tissues, offering clarity between healthy and cancerous tissues.
- PET scans: PET (positron emission tomography) scans use nuclear imaging technology to identify high metabolic activity of cancer cells and distinguish between healthy and cancerous tissues. These scans are helpful in showing metastasis to nearby or distant areas of the body and lymph nodes.
- Ultrasounds: Ultrasounds provide live images of the body, showing organs, vessels and tissues, and help to identify tumors after symptoms emerge.
Mesothelioma Blood Tests and Biomarkers
Blood tests can be used to look for mesothelioma biomarkers, or substances in the blood that can suggest the presence of malignant mesothelioma. For example, healthy mesothelial cells produce normal levels of mesothelin, but malignant mesothelial cells produce higher levels of the protein, which may be detected during blood tests, aiding diagnosis.
There are a variety of blood tests that can be used to identify particular byproducts common for mesothelioma patients, as well as many biomarkers that continue to emerge. Biomarkers may suggest the presence of mesothelioma, identify key symptoms of the disease or reveal a history of asbestos exposure. Currently, there is no blood test that can definitively diagnose mesothelioma.
Mesothelioma blood tests and biomarkers that have shown promise include:
- MESOMARK
- SOMAmer
- Human MPF Elisa Kit
- CA-125
- 8OHdG
- HMGB1
- N-ERC/Mesothelin Test
- Osteopontin
- Fibulin-3
- Il-6
- EGFR
- ER-β
- PDFG
- VEGF-B
Mesothelioma Biopsies
Biopsies are usually the last step in a mesothelioma diagnosis and the only way to confirm the cancer. Mesothelioma biopsies remove cancerous fluid or tissue for analysis that will then be used to determine treatment options. There are three types of biopsies that are common for mesothelioma, including needle biopsies, camera-assisted biopsies and surgical biopsies.
- Needle biopsies: Needle biopsies are the least invasive, using a needle to extract a tissue or fluid sample from the affected area. Types of needle biopsies include thoracentesis, paracentesis and pericardiocentesis.
- Camera-assisted biopsies: Camera-assisted biopsies are minimally invasive, using a small tube with a camera to visually locate and retrieve a tissue sample for analysis. Types of camera-assisted biopsies used for mesothelioma include thoracoscopy, laparoscopy and mediastinoscopy.
- Surgical biopsies: Surgical biopsies are the most invasive, often used if tumors are difficult to reach with needle or camera-assisted biopsies. Types of surgical biopsies used for mesothelioma include thoracotomy and laparotomy.
Mesothelioma Pathology
Mesothelioma pathology studies the causes and effects of the disease, looking at how the cancer forms and spreads throughout the body. Histology and cytology are two areas of study under pathology that are done to confirm a mesothelioma diagnosis after a biopsy, providing information that will guide staging and diagnosis, while helping prevent misdiagnosis.
- Histology: Histology focuses on tissue samples, looking at the anatomy of the cells to determine malignancy, mesothelioma cancer type and if the cell type is epithelial, sarcomatoid or biphasic.
- Cytology: Cytology focuses on tissue or fluid samples to look at individual cells and groups of cells to analyze cell behavior, including how the mesothelioma cells are forming, interacting and metastasizing.
Common Mesothelioma Misdiagnoses
Mesothelioma is a rare cancer often misdiagnosed for more common diseases and conditions. Each step of the diagnostic process, especially a biopsy, is crucial to preventing misdiagnosis. If mesothelioma is mistaken for another condition, treatment will be delayed, which can worsen a patient’s prognosis. Misdiagnoses vary by type, as listed below.
- Pleural mesothelioma: Pneumonia, emphysema, asthma, bronchial infections, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), adenocarcinoma and other lung cancers
- Peritoneal mesothelioma: Benign cystic mesothelioma, Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Crohn’s Disease, hernia, ovarian cancer and other abdominal cancers
- Pericardial mesothelioma: Coronary artery disease, heart failure, tuberculosis pericarditis, synovial sarcoma and other heart-related cancers
- Testicular mesothelioma: Epididymitis, testicular cancer, inguinal hernia, adenocarcinoma and other testicular cancers
Importance of Early Detection of Mesothelioma
Malignant mesothelioma is an aggressive cancer that spreads quickly. While there is no cure for this cancer, mesothelioma treatment may be able to extend life expectancies for patients, especially if the disease is caught early.
Patients diagnosed at stage 1 or stage 2 are typically able to undergo aggressive surgeries and multimodal treatment, which have shown success in extending survival. Those diagnosed at stage 3 or stage 4 often have limited treatment options, relying on palliative care to maintain a high quality of life.
Resources Available for Mesothelioma Patients and Their Families
- More on Mesothelioma Biopsies in our Free Mesothelioma Guide
- Connect with Top Mesothelioma Doctors
- Locate the Nearest Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Sign up for Our Mesothelioma Treatment Alert
- Speak with a 13-Year Mesothelioma Survivor
- Financial Assistance Available to Help with Costs
Mesothelioma has a long latency period, and it can take decades for symptoms to emerge, making an early diagnosis difficult. Misdiagnosis is also common due to the disease’s rarity and nonspecific symptoms. However, improvements in diagnostic tools offer hope that the cancer can be caught early, presenting patients with the best prognosis possible.
American Cancer Society. Early Detection, Diagnosis, and Staging.
American Cancer Society. How Is Malignant Mesothelioma Diagnosed? Updated February 2016.
American Cancer Society. Types of biopsies used to look for cancer. Updated July 2015.
American Lung Association. Diagnosing and Treating Mesothelioma. Updated April 2018.
